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Thermite welding was invented in 1893, and around that time another process, oxyfuel welding, became well established.

Welding is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.

Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat or by itself to produce a weld.

Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or melted metals from being contaminated or oxidized.

While often an industrial process, welding may be performed in many different environments, including in open air, under water, and in outer space.

Welding is a hazardous undertaking and precautions are required to avoid burns, electric shock, vision damage, inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes, and exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation.

Arc welding and oxy-fuel welding were among the first processes to develop late in the century, and electric resistance welding followed soon after.

Welding technology advanced quickly during the early 20th century as world wars drove the demand for reliable and inexpensive joining methods.

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Following the wars, several modern welding techniques were developed, including manual methods like shielded metal arc welding, now one of the most popular welding methods, as well as semi-automatic and automatic processes such as gas metal arc welding, submerged arc welding, flux-cored arc welding and electroslag welding.

Developments continued with the invention of laser beam welding, electron beam welding, magnetic pulse welding, and friction stir welding in the latter half of the century.

It is often confused with the Old English word, weald, meaning a forested area, but this word eventually morphed into the modern version, wild.

The Old English word for welding iron was samod (to bring together) or samodwellung (to bring together hot, with hot more relating to red-hot or a swelling rage; in contrast to samodfst, to bind together with rope or fasteners).

The term weld is derived from the Middle English verb well ( wll; pluralpresent tense: wlle ) or welling ( wllen ), meaning: to heat (to the maximum temperature possible); to bring to a boil.

The modern word was likely derived from the past-tense participle, welled ( wllende ), with the addition of d for this purpose being common in the Germanic languages of the Angles and Saxons.

It was first recorded in English in 1590, from a version of the Christian Bible that was originally translated into English by John Wycliffe in the fourteenth century.

The original version, from Isaiah 2:4, reads,.thei shul bete togidere their swerdes into shares.

English sometime between these periods.

Sweden was a large exporter of iron during the Middle Ages, and many other European languages used different words but with the same meaning to refer to welding iron, such as the Illyrian (Greek) variti (to boil), Turkish kaynamak (to boil), Grison (Swiss) bulgir (to boil), or the Lettish (Latvian) sawdrit (to weld or solder, derived from wdrit, to boil).

In Swedish, however, the word only referred to joining metals when combined with the word for iron ( jrn ), as in valla jrn (literally: to boil iron).

The word possibly entered English from the Swedish iron trade, or possibly was imported with the thousands of Viking settlements that arrived in England before and during the Viking Age, as more than half of the most common English words in everyday use are Scandinavian in origin.

The earliest examples of this come from the Bronze and Iron Ages in Europe and the Middle East.

The ancient Greek historian Herodotus states in The Histories of the 5th century BC that Glaucus of Chios was the man who single-handedly invented iron welding.

Welding was used in the construction of the Iron pillar of Delhi, erected in Delhi, India about 310 AD and weighing 5.4 metric tons.

Of great importance in this work was the description of a stable arc discharge and the indication of its possible use for many applications, one being melting metals.

In 188182 inventors Nikolai Benardos (Russian) and Stanisaw Olszewski (Polish) 14 created the first electric arc welding method known as carbon arc welding using carbon electrodes.

L. Coffin (1890).

Around 1900, A. P.

Strohmenger released a coated metal electrode in Britain, which gave a more stable arc.

In 1905, Russian scientist Vladimir Mitkevich proposed using a three-phase electric arc for welding.

Alternating current welding was invented by C.

J. Holslag in 1919, but did not become popular for another decade.

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